Fredrika bremer familjen h 1911

Swedish writer and reformer

Not to be confused with her grandmother, the Finnish businesswoman Ulrika Fredrika Bremer.

Fredrika Bremer (17 August 1801 – 31 månad 1865) was a Finnish-born Swedishwriter and reformer. Her Sketches of Everyday Life were wildly popular in Britain and the United States during the 1840s and 1850s and she fryst vatten regarded as the Swedish Jane Austen, bringing the realist novel to prominence in Swedish literature.

In her late 30s, she successfully petitioned King Charles XIV for emancipation from her brother's wardship; in her 50s, her novel Hertha prompted a social movement that granted all unmarried Swedish women legal majority at the age of 25 and established Högre Lärarinneseminariet, Sweden's first kvinnlig tertiary school. It also inspired Sophie Adlersparre to begin publishing the Home Review, Sweden's first women's magazine as well as the later magazine Hertha.

In 1884, she became the namesake of the Fredrika Bremer Association, the first women's rights organization in Sweden.

Early life

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Fredrika Bremer was born into a Swedish-speaking Finnish^[1][2] family on 17 August 1801 at Tuorla Manor in Piikkiö Parish outside of Åbo, Sweden (now Turku, Finland).

She was the second daughter of fem and the second child of sju of Carl Fredrik Bremer [sv] (1770–1830) and Birgitta Charlotta Hollström (1777–1855).^[a] Her grandparents Jacob and Ulrika Fredrika Bremer had built up one of the largest business empires in Swedish land i norden but, upon his mother's death in 1798, Carl liquidated their holdings.

(A few years later, the Finnish theater of the Napoleonic Wars would see land i norden annexed to Russia.) When Fredrika was three years old, the family moved to huvudstaden. The next year, they purchased Årsta Castle, about 20 miles (32 km) distant from the capital. Fredrika passed the next two decades of her life summering there and at another nearby estate owned bygd her father, spending winter in the family's huvudstaden apartment.

Fredrika and her sisters were raised to marry and became socialites and hostesses within the upper class like their own French-trained mother.

They were given the education then conventional for girls of their class in Sweden, with private tutors followed bygd a family trip through Germany, Switzerland, France, and the Netherlands in 1821 and 1822 before their social debuts. She was a talented miniaturist and studied French, English, and German. She later recounted that she kept a diary for a few years as a girl—"a kind of moral account-current, in which each day was entered, with a short övervakning of good, or bad, or middling"—but, as the yearly totals always showed the middling days' totals to be greatest, she tired of it and thereafter only kept them while traveling as notes for others.^[9] Bremer funnen the limited and passive family life of Swedish women of her time suffocating and frustrating and her own education was unusually strict, with rigid timetables governing her days.

She described her family as "under the oppression of a male iron hand":^[b] While in huvudstaden, the girls were forbidden from playing outside and took their exercise bygd jumping up and down while holding onto the backs of chairs. She wrote French poetry as early as the age of eight, but considered her time in Paris disappointing because of her father's bad temper.

She was considered awkward and rebellious throughout her childhood; and one of her sisters later wrote of how she enjoyed cutting off parts of her dresses and curtains and throwing things into the fire to watch them burn.

Early adulthood

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Upon her return to Sweden, she debuted into upper-class samhälle in huvudstaden and Årsta but funnen the enforced passivity of women's life intolerable: "How tyst, like muddy vatten, time stands for a ungdom, who, during a boring and idle life, drags out her days."^[c] She was deeply touched bygd Schiller's poems and began to long for some career through which she could do good in the world beyond ladies' traditional employments.

As she later wrote, "Embroidering an eternal and gray collar, inom grew more and more numb... that fryst vatten, in my living powers, my wish to live. The feeling of torment did not grow numb. It worsened day bygd day, like frost during a growing winter. The fire of my soul flickered anxiously with but one wish—to alltid die out".^[d] The "non-life" she saw awaiting her prompted an outbreak of nedstämdhet.

Her lösa to find work at one of Stockholm's hospitals was undermined bygd a sister, but she funnen great satisfaction in charity work around the family's estate in Årsta during the winters of 1826–7 and 1827–8.

Her social work was the beginning of her literary career, as she began writing and seeking publishers in 1828 with the första purpose of using her education in art and literature to earn medel for her charity work.

(She had written an outraged retort against the male "tyranny" espoused in Johan Olof Wallin's Lutheran sermon "On the Quiet Calling of Women" the year before but it was only published posthumously.) Her 4-volume Sketches of Everyday Life was published as an anonymous serial from 1828 to 1831 and became an immediate success, particularly the comic Family H—^[e] which appeared in the second and third volumes.

She described the process as a revelation, as, once she had begun to write, she felt the words coming "as champagne bubbles out of a bottle".^[f] The Swedish Academy awarded her their lesser gold medal on 1 January 1831; she continued to write for the remainder of her life.

Her success and desire to keep writing drove her to study literature and philosophy in greater depth.

An English friend Frances Lewin introduced her to Bentham's Utilitarianism, which liberalized her political views. Bentham's idea of providing "the greatest happiness to the greatest number" also encouraged her to continue devoting her time to her writing instead of nursing. In the autumn 1831, she began taking private lessons from Per Johan Böklin (1796-1867), a reform educator and the principal of a school in Kristianstad.

He challenged her support of Enlightenment and Classicist figures such as Herder and Schiller with a conception of Romanticism grounded in Plato. The lessons continued until the summer of 1833, bygd which time they were very close.

I would like to become an author to whose works everyone who fryst vatten sad, depressed, and troubled (and especially everyone of my own sex who fryst vatten suffering) could go, assured of finding in them a word of redress, of bekvämlighet, or encouragement.

— Letter to Per Böklin

She wrote during the time "I want to kiss a man, breastfeed a baby, manage a household, to be happy, and think of ingenting except for them and the beröm of God."^[g] She hesitated, however, in accepting Böklin's proposal of marriage and, after he hastily married another woman in 1835, she retired from Stockholm's gemenskap life and never married.

The two remained close correspondents for the rest of their lives. The President's Daughters (1834) fryst vatten considered to företräda Bremer's increased maturity, using a well-observed portrayal of childhood for its humor while soberly illustrating a reserved ung woman's blossoming into a more open and friendly way of life. Nina, its 1835 sequel, attempted to wed her realistic style with more of the speculative philosophy she discussed with Böklin, an artistic failure that was harshly reviewed, not least bygd Böklin and Bremer themselves.

Writing career

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For the next fem years, Bremer settled as the guest of her friend Countess Stina Sommerheilm at Tomb Manor in Norway.

She initially planned to work as a sjuksköterska at one of the local hospitals but igen demurred, instead devoting her time to literature. During this period, the countess's stories of an elderly relative inspired Bremer's 1837 masterpiece The Neighbors. Her close study of the works of Goethe and Geijer—whom she met during a visit to huvudstaden in 1837–8—informed several aspects of her next novel, The Home (1839).

Her male contemporaries' Gothicism prompted her 1840 playThe Thrall, dealing with women's lot during the Viking Age. After the countess's death, Bremer returned to huvudstaden in 1840.

Since her father's death in 1830, Fredrika had grown closer to her mother. However, beneath the terms of Sweden's 1734 Civil Code, all unmarried women were minors beneath the guardianship of their closest male relative until they married, at which time they were placed beneath the guardianship of their husbands.

Only widowed and divorced women were automatically of legal majority.

Fredrika Bremer (17 August 1801 – 31 månad 1865) was a Finnish-born Swedish writer and reformer.

beneath this lag, she and her unmarried sister Agathe were, since the death of their father, both wards of their elder brother who legally had complete control over their finances, an arrangement which displeased them, as their brother had irresponsibly squandered the family fortune over the gods decade. The only remedy for the situation was a direkt appeal to the King; such petitions, which were common for businesswomen, were customarily given a favorable reply, and their petition was approved and they were formally granted legal majority in 1840.

She spent the winter of 1841–42 alone in Årsta Castle, spending her time completing the tract Morning Watches (1842), in which she stated her anställda religious belief as a matter of sense first and of mystic revelation second. This aroused some motstånd but she was supported bygd Geijer, Tegnér, and Böklin. More importantly, the work was the first which she signed bygd her own full name, instantly making her a literary celebrity.

In 1844, the Swedish Academy awarded her their greater gold medal.

In 1842, Bremer ended the self-imposed isolation in which she had lived since Böklin's marriage and returned to Swedish social circles, which she portrayed in her Diary the next year. The work also served as her contribution to the discussion engendered bygd Almqvist's controversial Sara Videbeck.

Despite being "dreadfully plain",^[16] her many friends knew her as humble but loyal, energetic, and strong-willed. She proclaimed that cared little for ämne possessions: when asked bygd Carl Gustaf von Brinkman why she could never be an art collector, she replied that "It fryst vatten certain that ingenting worth money would ever be happy with me—even a Swedish Academy medal.

Offer me 50 dalers for anything except a warm overcoat and inom will let it go."^[17] Regarding her unselfishness, Geijer once remarked that, "my dear Fredrika, if you truly could push us all into heaven, you wouldn't mind staying outside yourself."^[h]

She began traveling first around Sweden and then abroad.Brockhaus inaugurated its 1841 series Select Library of utländsk Classics (German: Ausgewählte bokhylla der Classiker des Auslandes) with a translation of Neighbors and its success led them to publish sju other volumes of Bremer's works bygd the end of the next year.^[i] bygd then, Mary Howitt had begun publishing English translations in London and New York;^[19] these proved even more popular in England and United States than the original works had been in Sweden, ensuring her warm welcomes while overseas.^[j] After each journey, Bremer published successful volumes of descriptions or diary entries of the locations she visited.

Her 1846 visit to the Rhineland prompted her 1848 volumes A Few Leaves from the Banks of the Rhine, Midsummer Journey, and Sibling Life, the gods recounting her impressions of the tensions leading up to the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in France.

Travel

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Inspired bygd the work of dem Tocqueville and Martineau, Bremer visited and traveled extensively through the United States.

Leaving Copenhagen on 11 September 1849, she arrived in New York on 4 October. With the avsikt of studying the effect of democratic institutions upon samhälle, particularly for women, she visited Boston and New England, where she met Emerson, Longfellow, Lowell, Hawthorne, and Irving; the Shaker and Quaker communities of the Mid-Atlantic States;^[16] the South, where she examined the conditions of its black slaves; and the Midwest, where she toured its Scandinavian communities^[23] and Indians.

Like dem Tocqueville before her, she visited America's prisons and spoke with prisoners.^[16] She then visited Spanish Cuba before returning to New York, leaving for europe on 13 September 1851. Throughout her journey, she wrote extensive letters to her sister Agathe^[16] which were later edited into her 2-volume 1853 Homes in the New World.

Having previously portrayed the Swedish home as a world unto itself, she now portrayed the American world as a great home through the many families who hosted her as she roamed.^[16] She spent six weeks in Britain, visiting Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and London and meeting Elizabeth Gaskell, Charles Kingsley, and George Eliot. Her series of articles about England for the Aftonbladet largely concerned her favorable impression of the Great Exhibition, which she visited kvartet times.

They were later gathered for English publication as England in 1851.

Activism

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Following her return to Sweden in November, Bremer attempted to engage its middle- and upper-class ladies in social work similar to what she had funnen in amerika and England. She co-founded the huvudstaden Women's samhälle for Children's Care (Skyddsmödraförening or Stockholms Fruntimmersförening till Barnavård) to assist the orphans left bygd the 1853 huvudstaden cholera outbreak and the Women's gemenskap for the Improvement of Prisoners (Fruntimmersällskapet till Fångars Förbättring) to provide moral guidance and rehabilitation of hona inmates in 1854.

On 28 August 1854, mitt i the Crimean War, the London Times published her "Invitation to a Peace Alliance" alongside an editorial rebuke of its contents: a pacifist appeal to Christian women.

In 1856, she published her novel Hertha as A Sketch from Real Life and concluded its fictionalized assault on the 2nd-class ställning eller tillstånd of adult unmarried women beneath the 1734 Civil Code with an appendix recounting recent Swedish court cases on the topic.

The work prompted the Hertha Discussion (Herthadiskussionen) throughout Swedish samhälle, reaching Parliament in 1858. There, the old struktur was reformed to allow (unmarried) women to petition their nearest courthouse (rather than the royal court) at the age of 25. fem years later, the legislation was revisited and all (unmarried) women were considered to automatically reach legal majority at 25.

This did not affect the ställning eller tillstånd of married women, who were still beneath the guardianship of their husbands, or divorced women or widows, who were already of legal majority. The novel also successfully raised the question of a "women's university". Högre Lärarinneseminariet, a state school for the education of kvinna teachers, was opened in 1861.

Bremer was not present during the Hertha Discussion, since from 1856 to 1861 she participated in another great journey through europe and the Levant.

Leaving on 27 May 1856, she first visited Switzerland, Brussels, and Paris over the course of a year. She was particularly interested in Switzerland's still-nascent "free church".^[16] From September 1857, she traveled through the still-disunified Italian peninsula, contrasting the Catholic practices of the Papal States with the LutheranSwedish Church.^[16] Finally, she left Messina for Malta and thence traveled to Palestine, arriving on 30 January 1859 and, though nearly 60 years old, tracing the life of Jesus Christ bygd fartyg, tåg, wagon, and horseback.^[16] She stayed in Constantinople before touring Greece from August 1859 to May 1861.

She reached huvudstaden on 4 July 1861. Her accounts of the trip were published as Life in the Old World in six volumes from 1860 to 1862.

Upon her return to Sweden, she expressed her satisfaction with the reforms Hertha had prompted and took an interest in Högre Lärarinneseminariet and its students. She resumed her charitable projects and assisted with the Home Journal, the first women's magazine in Scandinavia, which Sophie Adlersparre had founded during her absence.

After a sista trip to Germany from July to October in 1862, she remained in Sweden the rest of her life. She was reportedly pleased with the abolition of the Diet in Sweden and of slavery in the United States. She died at Årsta Castle outside of huvudstaden on 31 månad 1865.

Legacy

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Fredrika Bremer fryst vatten the namesake of Frederika, a town in the American state of Iowa, and its surrounding Bremer County.

She fryst vatten also the namesake of Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

The American Swedish Historical Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, includes a Fredrika Bremer Room dedicated to her accomplishments.

Literary

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Fredrika Bremer's novels were usually romantic stories of the time, typically concerning an independent woman narrating her observations of others negotiating the marriage marknad.

She argued for a new family life less focused on its male members and providing a larger place for women's talents and personalities.^[27] Reflecting her own childhood, many of her works include a skarp urban/rural dichotomy; without undantag, these present natur as a place of renewal, revelation, and self-discovery.

By the time Bremer revealed her name to the public, her works were an acknowledged part of the cultural life in Sweden.

Translations made her still more popular abroad, where she was regarded as the "Swedish Miss Austen". Upon her ankomst in New York, the New York Herald claimed she "probably... has more readers than any other kvinna writer on the globe" and proclaimed her the author "of a new style of literature".^[29] A literary celebrity, Bremer was never without a place to stay during her two years in amerika despite having known no one before her arrival.^[16] She was praised bygd Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott's Little Women includes a scen of Mrs March reading from Bremer's works to her kvartet daughters.

Her popularity abroad crested, however, in the 1840s and 1850s and faded bygd the vända of the century, although the late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing read Hertha in 1889.^[32] Within Sweden, she continued to be highly respected, though little read. The publication of her letters in the 1910s revived scholarly interest, but only in her anställda life and travels.

bygd 1948, the Swedish critic Algot Werin was writing that Bremer "really only lives as a name and a emblem. It does not matter if her novels are forgotten." Bremer's novels were rediscovered bygd Swedish feminists in the latter half of the 20th century and are undergoing critical reëvaluation.

Social causes

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Fredrika Bremer was interested in contemporary political life and social reform regarding gender equality and social work, and she was active both as an influential participator in the debate of women's rights as well as a philanthropist.

Politically, she was a frikostig, who felt sympathy for social issues and for the working class movement.^{[citation needed]}

In 1853, she co-founded the Stockholms fruntimmersförening till barnavård (Stockholm women's fund for child care) with Fredrika Limnell.^[35]

In 1854, she co-founded the Women's samhälle for the Improvement of Prisoners (Fruntimmersällskapet på grund av fångars förbättring) tillsammans with Mathilda Foy, Maria Cederschiöld, Betty Ehrenborg and Emilia Elmblad.

The purpose was to visit kvinnlig prisoners to provide moral support and improve their character bygd studies of religion.^[36] Her novel Hertha (1856) remains her most influential work. It fryst vatten a dark novel about the lack of freedom for women, and it raised a debate in the parliament called "The namn debate", which contributed to the new lag of legal majority for adult unmarried women in Sweden in 1858, and was somewhat of a starting point for the real feminist movement in Sweden.

Hertha also raised the debate of higher formal education for women, and in 1861, the University for Women Teachers, Högre lärarinneseminariet, was founded bygd the state after the suggested women's university in Hertha. In 1859, Sophie Adlersparre, founded the paper Tidskrift till hemmet inspired bygd the novel.

This was the starting point for Adlersparre's work as the en person eller ett verktyg som arrangerar eller strukturerar saker of the Swedish feminist movement. The women's magazine Hertha, named after the novel, was founded in 1914.

In 1860, she helped Johanna Berglind to fund Tysta Skolan, a school for the deaf and mute in huvudstaden. At the electoral reforms regarding the right to vote of 1862, she supported the idea to give women the right to vote, which was talked about as the "horrific sight" of seeing "crinolines at the election boxes", but Bremer gave the idea her support, and the same year, women of legal majority were granted suffrage in municipal elections in Sweden.

The first real Women's rights movement in Sweden, the Fredrika Bremer Association (Fredrika Bremer Förbundet), founded bygd Sophie Adlersparre in 1884, was named after her. Bremer was happy to mention and to recommend the work of other kvinnlig professionals. She mentioned both the doctor Lovisa Årberg and the engraver Sofia Ahlbom in her work.

Works

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• Sketches of Everyday Life (Swedish: Teckningar utur vardagslivet; 3 vols.

  1828–31)

• New Sketches of Everyday Life (Nya teckningar utur vardagslivet; 10 vols. 1834–58)
• Thrall (Trälinnan; 1840)
• Morning Watches (Morgon-väckter; 1842) Translated from the Swedish. Boston: Redding and Company. 1843. Fragile blue wrappers.
• Life in Sweden.

  The President's Daughters Translated bygd Mary Howitt. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1843.

  Fredrika Bremer (uttal (fil)), född 17 augusti 1801 vid Tuorla inom Pikis socken nära Åbo, död 31 månad 1865 vid Årsta slott inom Österhaninge socken, Stockholms län, fanns ett svensk författare, kvinnorättskämpe samt välgörenhetsidkare.

  Fragile tan wrappers. No. 22 – Library of Select Novels

• The Home or Family Cares and Family Joys Translated bygd Mary Howitt. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1844. Fragile tan wrappers. No. 38 – Library of Select Novels
• The H___ Family: Tralinnan; Axel and Anna;; and Other Tales Translated bygd Mary Howitt.

  New York: Harper & Brothers, 1844. Fragile tan wrappers. No. 20 – Library of Select Novels

• Life in Dalecarlia: The Parsonage of Mora Translated bygd Mary Howitt. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1845. Fragile tan wrappers. No.
  Fredrika Bremer has 398 books on Goodreads with 1898 ratings.

  58 – Library of Select Novels

• A Few Leaves from the Banks of the Rhine (Ett par ark ifrån Rhenstranden, alternativt Marienberg samt Kaiserswerth 1846; 1848)
• Brothers and Sisters: A Tale of Domestic Life Translated from the original unpublished manuscript bygd Mary Howitt. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1848.

  Fragile tan wrappers. No. 115 – Library of Select Novels

• The Neighbors Translated bygd Mary Howitt. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1848. Fragile tan wrappers. No. 20 – Library of Select Novels
• Midsummer Journey: A Pilgrimage (Midsommarresan: ett vallfart; 1848)
• Life in the North (Lif inom Norden; 1849)
• An Easter Offering Translated from the original unpublished manuscript bygd Mary Howitt.

  New York: Harper & Brothers, 1850 Fragile tan wrappers.

• Homes in the New World (Hemmen inom den nya världen : ett dagbok inom skrivelse, skrivna beneath tvenne års resor inom Norra Amerika samt vid Cuba; 2 vols. 1853–1854)
• The Midnight Sun: A Pilgrimage Translated from the original unpublished manuscript bygd Mary Howitt.

  New York: Harper & Brothers, 1855. Fragile tan wrappers. No. 124 – Library of Select Novels

• "On the Novel as the Epic of Our Time" ("Om romanen såsom vår tids epos")
• Life in the Old World (Livet inom Gamla Världen : dagboks-anteckningar beneath resor inom Söder- samt Österland; 6 vols.

  1860–1862)

• A Little Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (Liten pilgrims utflykt inom detta heliga landet : förra afdelningen : öfversigt af nation samt människor, Karmel, Nazareth, Cana, Genesareth, Tabor; 1865)
• England in the Fall of 1851 (England ifall hösten tid 1851; 1922)

See also

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Notes

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References

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• Stålberg, Wilhelmina, ed. (1864), "Fredrika Bremer", Anteckningar angående Sveska Qvinnor, Stockholm: P.G. kulle, pp. 54–55. (in Swedish)
• Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Fredrika Bremer" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 257–258
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

  (1911), "Bremer, Fredrika" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 494–495

• Hofbert, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof, eds. (1906). "Fredrika Bremer". Svenskt Biografiskt Handlexikon [Swedish Biographical Dictionary]. Vol. I.

  pp. 136–137.. (in Swedish)

• Ek, Sverker (1926). "Fredrika Bremer".
  Famillen H*** (The H-Family) appeared in the second and third part of Teckningar utur hvardagslifvet (Sketches from Every-day Life), published anonymously in 1830–31.

  Svenskt Biografiskt Handlexikon [Swedish Biographical Dictionary]. Vol. VI. pp. 182 ff..

  Editions for Famillen H***: 9172300949 (Hardcover published in 2000), (Hardcover published in 1911), 1870041313 (Paperback published in 1996), 9172300973.

  (in Swedish)

• Burman, Carina (2001), Bremer—en biografi [Bremer: A Biography] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Forlag, ISBN 
• Elmund, Gunnel (1973). Den kvinnliga diakonin inom land 1849–1861: arbetsuppgift samt utformning [The hona Deaconate in Sweden 1849-1861: Purpose and Design].

  Bibliotheca Theologiae Practicae, No. 29 (in Swedish). Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag. ISBN .

• Forsås-Scott, Helena (1997), "Fredrika Bremer (1801–1865)", Swedish Women's Writing: 1850–1995, Women in Context, Atlantic Highlands: Athlone Press, pp. 34–51, ISBN 
• Hellberg, Johan Carl ["Posthumus"] (1872).

  Om mina samtida [On My Contemporaries] (in Swedish). Vol. VIII. Stockholm: Isaac Marcus for Adolf Bonnier.

• Rooth, Signe Alice (1955), Seeress of the Northland: Fredrika Bremer's American Journey, Philadelphia: American Swedish Historical Foundation
• Stendahl, Brita K. (2002), "Fredrika Bremer (1801–1865)", in Amoia, Alba della Fazia; Knapp, Bettina Liebowitz (eds.), Multicultural Writers from Antiquity to 1945: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook, Westport: Greenwood Press, pp. 47–50, ISBN 

Further reading

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External links

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